A new study ¹ has revealed potential chemical signatures of ancient Martian microbial life in rocks examined by NASA’s Perseverance rover.

life mars

Rocks in the Bright Angel Formation. NASA’s Mars Perseverance rover acquired this image using its Right Mastcam-Z camera. Mastcam-Z is a pair of cameras located high on the rover’s mast. This image was acquired on May 29, 2024 (Sol 1164) at the local mean solar time of 12:40:40. Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU

The findings, published by a large international team of scientists, focus on a region of Jezero Crater known as the Bright Angel formation—a name chosen from locations in Grand Canyon National Park because of the light-colored Martian rocks. This area in Mars’s Neretva Vallis channel contains fine-grained mudstones rich in oxidized iron (rust), phosphorus, sulfur and—most notably—organic carbon. Although organic carbon, potentially from non-living sources like meteorites, has been found on Mars before, this combination of materials could have been a rich source of energy for early microorganisms.

“When the rover entered Bright Angel and started measuring the compositions of the local rocks, the team was immediately struck by how different they were from what we had seen before,” said Michael Tice, a geobiologist and astrobiologist in the Department of Geology and Geophysics of Texas A&M University.

“They showed evidence of chemical cycling that organisms on Earth can take advantage of to produce energy. And when we looked even closer, we saw things that are easy to explain with early Martian life but very difficult to explain with only geological processes.”

Tice went on to explain that “living things do chemistry that generally occurs in nature anyway given enough time and the right circumstances. To the best of our current knowledge, some of the chemistry that shaped these rocks required either high temperatures or life, and we do not see evidence of high temperatures here. However, these findings require experiments and ultimately laboratory study of the sample here on Earth in order to completely rule out explanations without life.”

A window into Mars’s watery past

The Bright Angel formation is composed of sedimentary rocks deposited by water, including mudstones (fine-grained sedimentary rocks made of silt and clay) and layered beds that suggest a dynamic environment of flowing rivers and standing water. Using Perseverance’s suite of instruments, including the SHERLOC and PIXL spectrometers, scientists detected organic molecules and small arrangements of minerals that appear to have formed through “redox reactions,” chemical processes involving the transfer of electrons. On Earth, those processes are often driven by biological activity.

Among the most striking features are tiny nodules and “reaction fronts”— nicknamed “poppy seeds” and “leopard spots” by the rover team—enriched in ferrous iron phosphate (likely vivianite) and iron sulfide (likely greigite). These minerals commonly form in low-temperature, water-rich environments and are often associated with microbial metabolisms.

“It’s not just the minerals, it’s how they are arranged in these structures that suggests that they formed through the redox cycling of iron and sulfur,” Tice said. “On Earth, things like these sometimes form in sediments where microbes are eating organic matter and ‘breathing’ rust and sulfate. Their presence on Mars raises the question: could similar processes have occurred there?”

Organic matter and redox chemistry

The SHERLOC instrument detected a Raman spectral feature known as the G-band, a signature of organic carbon, in several Bright Angel rocks. The strongest signals came from a site called “Apollo Temple,” where both vivianite and greigite were most abundant.

“This co-location of organic matter and redox-sensitive minerals is very compelling,” said Tice. “It suggests that organic molecules may have played a role in driving the chemical reactions that formed these minerals.”

Tice notes it’s important to understand that “organic” does not necessarily mean formed by living things.

“It just means having a lot of carbon-carbon bonds,” he explained. “There are other processes that can make those besides life. The kind of organic matter detected here could have been produced by abiotic processes or it could have been produced by living things. If produced by living things, it would have to have been degraded by chemical reactions, radiation or heat to produce the G-band that we observe now.”

life mars

Perseverance rover reached the Bright Angel site on Mars by navigating through a dune field, bypassing large boulders. The rover is now investigating this area’s unique geological features to understand Mars’ past environmental conditions and support future human exploration. Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The study outlines two possible scenarios: one in which these reactions occurred abiotically (driven by geochemical processes) and another in which microbial life may have affected the reactions, as it does on Earth. Strikingly, although some features of the nodules and reaction fronts could be produced by abiotic reactions between organic matter and iron, the known geochemical processes that could have produced the features associated with sulfur usually only work at relatively high temperatures.

“All the ways we have of examining these rocks on the rover suggest that they were never heated in a way that could produce the leopard spots and poppy seeds,” said Tice. “If that’s the case, we have to seriously consider the possibility that they were made by creatures like bacteria living in the mud in a Martian lake more than three billion years ago.”

While the team emphasizes that the evidence is not definitive proof of past life, the findings meet NASA’s criteria for “potential biosignatures”—features that warrant further investigation to determine whether they are biological or abiotic in origin.

A sample worth returning

Perseverance collected a core sample from the Bright Angel formation, named “Sapphire Canyon,” which is now stored in a sealed tube carried by the rover. This sample is among those prioritized for return to Earth in a potential future mission.

“Bringing this sample back to Earth would allow us to analyze it with instruments far more sensitive than anything we can send to Mars,” said Tice.

“We’ll be able to look at the isotopic composition of the organic matter, the fine-scale mineralogy, and even search for microfossils if they exist. We’d also be able to perform more tests to determine the highest temperatures experienced by these rocks, and whether high temperature geochemical processes might still be the best way to explain the potential biosignatures.”

Tice, who has long studied ancient microbial ecosystems on Earth, said the parallels between Martian and terrestrial processes are striking—with one important difference.

“What’s fascinating is how life may have been making use of some of the same processes on Earth and Mars at around the same time,” he said.

“We see evidence of microorganisms reacting iron and sulfur with organic matter in the same way in rocks of the same age on Earth, but we’d never be able to see exactly the same features that we see on Mars in the old rocks here. Processing by plate tectonics has heated all our rocks too much to preserve them this way. It’s a special and spectacular thing to be able to see them like this on another planet.”

References

Hurowitz, J.A., Tice, M.M., Allwood, A.C. et al. (2025) Redox-driven mineral and organic associations in Jezero Crater, Mars. Nature doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09413-0 ↩

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